Threats and Challenges of Smart Grids Deployments - A Developing Nations’ Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v18n2.157Keywords:
Challenges, Developing Nations, Deployment, Smart Grid, ThreatsAbstract
Considerable efforts in huge investments are being made to achieve a resilient Smart Grids (SGs) deployment for the improvement of power delivery scheme. Unsurprisingly, many developing nations are making slow progress to the achievement of this feat which is set to revolutionize the power industry own to several deployment and security issues. Studying these challenges from both technical and non-technical view, this paper presents a highlight and assessment of each of the identified challenges. These challenges are assessed by exposing the security and deployment related threats while suggesting ways of tackling these challenges with prominence to developing nations. Although, a brief highlight, this review will help key actors in the region to identify the related challenges and it’s a guide to sustainable deployments of SGs in the regionReferences
Onyeji, I., M. Bazilian, and P. Nussbaumer, Contextualizing electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2012. 16(4): p. 520-527.
Bhattacharyya, S.C., Energy access programmes and sustainable development: A critical review and analysis. Energy for sustainable development, 2012. 16(3): p. 260-271.
Salisu, S., et al., Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of an Off-Grid Hybrid Energy System for Rural Electrification in Nigeria. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 2019. 9(1): p. 261-270.
Wei, D., et al., Protecting smart grid automation systems against cyberattacks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2011. 2(4): p. 782-795.
Li, Q. and G. Cao, Multicast authentication in the smart grid with one-time signature. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2011. 2(4): p. 686-696.
Siano, P., Demand response and smart grids—A survey. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2014. 30: p. 461-478.
Delgado-Gomes, V., et al. Smart grid security issues. in 2015 9th International Conference on Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE). 2015. IEEE.
Ofonyelu, C.C. and R. Eguabor, Metered and Unmetered Billing: How Asymmetric are the Phcn Bills? Journal of Social Economics Research, 2014. 1(5): p. 97-107.
Arimoro, T., A. Oyetunji, and O. Odugboye, Analysis of Electricity Billing System in Corporate Buildings in Lagos, Nigeria. Studies, 2019. 1(6): p. 10-20.
Kessides, I.N., Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis. Energy policy, 2013. 55: p. 271-285.
Rahman, M., et al., A multi-agent approach for enhancing transient stability of smart grids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2015. 67: p. 488-500.
Otuoze, A.O. Transforming Nigeria’s Electricity System To Meeting Future Demand Aimed At Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through An Effective Smart Grid Interoperability. in Proceedings of the OAU Faculty of Technology Conference, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (OAUTekConf 2012). 2012. Faculty of Technology, OAU, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Eissa, M., Protection techniques with renewable resources and smart grids—A survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015. 52: p. 1645-1667.
Sen, R. and S.C. Bhattacharyya, Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of HOMER. Renewable Energy, 2014. 62: p. 388-398.
Kemausuor, F., et al., A review of trends, policies and plans for increasing energy access in Ghana. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2011. 15(9): p. 5143-5154.
Yadoo, A. and H. Cruickshank, The role for low carbon electrification technologies in poverty reduction and climate change strategies: A focus on renewable energy mini-grids with case studies in Nepal, Peru and Kenya. Energy Policy, 2012. 42: p. 591-602.
Doll, C.N. and S. Pachauri, Estimating rural populations without access to electricity in developing countries through night-time light satellite imagery. Energy Policy, 2010. 38(10): p. 5661-5670.
Dagnachew, A.G., et al., Trade-offs and synergies between universal electricity access and climate change mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Policy, 2018. 114: p. 355-366.
Roy, A. and S. Bandyopadhyay, Introduction to Isolated Energy Systems, in Wind Power Based Isolated Energy Systems. 2019, Springer. p. 1-15.
Amin, S.B. and S. Rahman, Energy, Employment and Poverty: The Bangladesh Experience, in Energy Resources in Bangladesh. 2019, Springer. p. 107-111.
Pérez-Arriaga, I.J., et al., A utility approach to accelerate universal electricity access in less developed countries: A regulatory proposal. ECONOMICS OF ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, 2019. 8(1): p. 33-50.
Oseni, M.O., Improving households’ access to electricity and energy consumption pattern in Nigeria: Renewable energy alternative. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012. 16(6): p. 3967-3974.
Gungor, V.C., et al., Smart grid technologies: Communication technologies and standards. IEEE transactions on Industrial informatics, 2011. 7(4): p. 529-539.
Cherp, A. and J. Jewell, The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As. Energy Policy, 2014. 75: p. 415-421.
Colak, I., et al., Smart grid projects in Europe: Current status, maturity and future scenarios. Applied Energy, 2015. 152: p. 58-70.
Shuaib, K., et al., Resiliency of Smart Power Meters to Common Security Attacks. Procedia Computer Science, 2015. 52: p. 145-152.
Kezunovic, M., Smart fault location for smart grids. IEEE transactions on smart grid, 2011. 2(1): p. 11-22.
Bigerna, S., C.A. Bollino, and S. Micheli, Socio-economic acceptability for smart grid development–a comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016.
Fadaeenejad, M., et al., The present and future of smart power grid in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014. 29: p. 828-834.
2016 Top Markets Report Smart Grid: A Market Assessment Tool for U.S. Exporters. April 2016: p. Accessed September 17th, 2016 via http://trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Smart_Grid_Top_Markets_Report.pdf.
Fan, X. and G. Gong, Security challenges in smart-grid metering and control systems. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013. 3(7): p. 42.
Luthra, S., et al., Adoption of smart grid technologies: An analysis of interactions among barriers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014. 33: p. 554-565.
Amin, M., Smart Grid. PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, 2015.
Khurana, H., et al., Smart-grid security issues. IEEE Security & Privacy, 2010. 8(1).
Otuoze, A., et al., A Review of Smart Grids Deployment Issues in Developing Countries. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 2017. 13(6): p. 858-867.
Hawk, C. and A. Kaushiva, Cybersecurity and the smarter grid. The Electricity Journal, 2014. 27(8): p. 84-95.
Sultana, B., et al., Review on reliability improvement and power loss reduction in distribution system via network reconfiguration. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2016. 66: p. 297-310.
Sridhar, S., A. Hahn, and M. Govindarasu, Cyber–physical system security for the electric power grid. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012. 100(1): p. 210-224.
Verbong, G.P., S. Beemsterboer, and F. Sengers, Smart grids or smart users? Involving users in developing a low carbon electricity economy. Energy Policy, 2013. 52: p. 117-125.
Chakraborty, A.K. and N. Shaniia. Advanced metering infrastructure: Technology and challenges. in 2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). 2016. IEEE.
Sanjab, A., et al., Smart grid security: Threats, challenges, and solutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06992, 2016.
Khanna, N.Z., J. Guo, and X. Zheng, Effects of demand side management on Chinese household electricity consumption: Empirical findings from Chinese household survey. Energy Policy, 2016. 95: p. 113-125.
Sharma, T., et al., Of pilferers and poachers: Combating electricity theft in India. Energy Research & Social Science, 2016. 11: p. 40-52.
Kumar, V.A., K.K. Pandey, and D.K. Punia, Cyber security threats in the power sector: Need for a domain specific regulatory framework in India. Energy Policy, 2014. 65: p. 126-133.
Fadaeenejad, M., et al., The present and future of smart power grid in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014. 29: p. 828-834.
Kate, P.G. and J.R. Rana. ZIGBEE based monitoring theft detection and automatic electricity meter reading. in 2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and Applications. 2015. IEEE.
Otuoze, A.O., M.W. Mustafa, and R.M. Larik, Smart grids security challenges: classification by sources of threats. Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, 2018.
Saputro, N., K. Akkaya, and S. Uludag, A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications. Computer Networks, 2012. 56(11): p. 2742-2771.
Tuballa, M.L. and M.L. Abundo, A review of the development of Smart Grid technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016. 59: p. 710-725.
Salisu, S., M. Mustafa, and M. Mustapha. Predicting Global Solar Radiation in Nigeria Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Approach. in International Conference of Reliable Information and Communication Technology. 2017. Springer.
Giani, A., et al. Metrics for assessment of smart grid data integrity attacks. in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. 2012. IEEE.
Amin, S.M. Smart grid security, privacy, and resilient architectures: Opportunities and challenges. in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. 2012. IEEE.
Gharavi, H. and B. Hu. Dynamic key refreshment for smart grid mesh network security. in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2013 IEEE PES. 2013. IEEE.
Giani, A., et al., Smart grid data integrity attacks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2013. 4(3): p. 1244-1253.
Li, H., et al., An efficient merkle-tree-based authentication scheme for smart grid. IEEE Systems Journal, 2014. 8(2): p. 655-663.
Gaur, V. and E. Gupta, The determinants of electricity theft: An empirical analysis of Indian states. Energy Policy, 2016. 93: p. 127-136.
World Bank Open Data. p. Accessed via http://data.worldbank.org on 27th August 2019.
Mo, Y., et al., Cyber–physical security of a smart grid infrastructure. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012. 100(1): p. 195-209.
Nakada, T., K. Shin, and S. Managi, The effect of demand response on purchase intention of distributed generation: Evidence from Japan. Energy Policy, 2016. 94: p. 307-316.
Mohammed, O., et al., Virtual synchronous generator: an overview. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 2019. 38(1): p. 153-164.
Boyle, G., Renewable energy. Renewable Energy, by Edited by Godfrey Boyle, pp. 456. Oxford University Press, May 2004. ISBN-10: 0199261784. ISBN-13: 9780199261789, 2004: p. 456.
Akorede, M.F., H. Hizam, and E. Pouresmaeil, Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2010. 14(2): p. 724-734.
Mohammad, N., A. Barua, and M.A. Arafat. A smart prepaid energy metering system to control electricity theft. in International Conference on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), 2013. 562-565. 2013. IEEE.
Mohammad, N., A. Barua, and M.A. Arafat. A smart prepaid energy metering system to control electricity theft. in Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), 2013 International Conference on. 2013. IEEE.
Krishna, V.B., et al. F-DETA: A framework for detecting electricity theft attacks in smart grids. in Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2016 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on. 2016. IEEE.
Jamil, F. and E. Ahmad, An empirical study of electricity theft from electricity distribution companies in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, 2014. 53(3): p. 239.
Nikovski, D.N., et al. Smart meter data analysis for power theft detection. in International Workshop on Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition. 2013. Springer.
Jiang, R., et al., Energy-theft detection issues for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 2014. 19(2): p. 105-120.
Jindal, A., et al., Decision tree and SVM-based data analytics for theft detection in smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2016. 12(3): p. 1005-1016.
Musungwini, S., A framework for monitoring electricity theft in Zimbabwe using mobile technologies. Journal of Systems Integration, 2016. 7(3): p. 54.
Yakubu, O., N. Babu, and O. Adjei, Electricity theft: Analysis of the underlying contributory factors in Ghana. Energy Policy, 2018. 123: p. 611-618.
Razavi, R., et al., A practical feature-engineering framework for electricity theft detection in smart grids. Applied Energy, 2019. 238: p. 481-494.
Ahmad, T., et al., Review of various modeling techniques for the detection of electricity theft in smart grid environment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018. 82: p. 2916-2933.
Yip, S.-C., et al. Detection of Energy Theft and Metering Defects in Advanced Metering Infrastructure Using Analytics. in 2018 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE). 2018. IEEE.
Govinda, K., R. Shav, and S. Prakash, Energy Theft Identification in Smart Grid, in Silicon Photonics & High Performance Computing. 2018, Springer. p. 9-15.
Ahmad, T., Non-technical loss analysis and prevention using smart meters. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 72: p. 573-589.
Geelen, D., A. Reinders, and D. Keyson, Empowering the end-user in smart grids: Recommendations for the design of products and services. Energy Policy, 2013. 61: p. 151-161.
Derakhshan, G., H.A. Shayanfar, and A. Kazemi, The optimization of demand response programs in smart grids. Energy Policy, 2016. 94: p. 295-306.
Otuoze, A.O., et al., Electricity theft detection framework based on universal prediction algorithm. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019. 15(2): p. 758-768.
Pina, A., C. Silva, and P. Ferrão, The impact of demand side management strategies in the penetration of renewable electricity. Energy, 2012. 41(1): p. 128-137.
Aghaei, J. and M.-I. Alizadeh, Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013. 18: p. 64-72.
O'Malley, L., The Evolving Digital Utility: The convergence of energy and IT. p. Accessed September 16 via https://www.marsdd.com/news-and-insights/the-evolving-digital-utility/.
Depuru, S.S.S.R., L. Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni. A conceptual design using harmonics to reduce pilfering of electricity. in IEEE PES General Meeting. 2010. IEEE.
Nizar, A. and Z. Dong. Identification and detection of electricity customer behaviour irregularities. in Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009. PSCE'09. IEEE/PES. 2009. IEEE.
Moslehi, K. and R. Kumar, A Reliability Perspective of the Smart Grid. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2010. 1(1): p. 57-64.
Surajudeen-Bakinde, N.T., et al. Development of an Internet based prepaid energy meter. in AFRICON, 2017 IEEE. 2017. IEEE.
Khan, A.R., et al., Load forecasting, dynamic pricing and DSM in smart grid: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016. 54: p. 1311-1322.
Patel, C. and N. Doshi, Security Challenges in IoT Cyber World, in Security in Smart Cities: Models, Applications, and Challenges. 2019, Springer. p. 171-191.
Zhang, S., T. Zheng, and B. Wang, A privacy protection scheme for smart meter that can verify terminal’s trustworthiness. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2019. 108: p. 117-124.
Oseni, M.O. and M.G. Pollitt, The promotion of regional integration of electricity markets: Lessons for developing countries. Energy Policy, 2016. 88: p. 628-638.
Yuan, Y., Z. Li, and K. Ren, Modeling load redistribution attacks in power systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2011. 2(2): p. 382-390.
Kisel, E., et al., Concept for Energy Security Matrix. Energy Policy, 2016. 95: p. 1-9.
Wang, W. and Z. Lu, Cyber security in the smart grid: Survey and challenges. Computer networks, 2013. 57(5): p. 1344-1371.
Stefanov, A. and C.-C. Liu, Cyber-physical system security and impact analysis. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 2014. 47(3): p. 11238-11243.
Wang, X. and P. Yi, Security framework for wireless communications in smart distribution grid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2011. 2(4): p. 809-818.
Onyeji, I., M. Bazilian, and C. Bronk, Cyber security and critical energy infrastructure. The Electricity Journal, 2014. 27(2): p. 52-60.
Klare, M., Resource wars: The new landscape of global conflict. 2001: Metropolitan Books.
Russell, B.D. and C.L. Benner, Intelligent systems for improved reliability and failure diagnosis in distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2010. 1(1): p. 48-56.
Lala, C. and B. Panda, Evaluating damage from cyber attacks: a model and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 2001. 31(4): p. 300-310.
Yampolskiy, M., et al., A language for describing attacks on cyber-physical systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 2015. 8: p. 40-52.
Africa, Q., Cybercrime is costing Africa’s businesses billions. 2018: p. Accessed via https://qz.com/africa/1303532/cybercrime-costs-businesses-in-kenya-south-africa-nigeria-billions/ on 5th February 2019.
Gobena, Y., et al. Practical architecture considerations for Smart Grid WAN network. in Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE), 2011 IEEE/PES. 2011. IEEE.
Kreutz, D., et al., A cyber-resilient architecture for critical security services. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2016. 63: p. 173-189.
Genge, B., I. Kiss, and P. Haller, A system dynamics approach for assessing the impact of cyber attacks on critical infrastructures. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 2015. 10: p. 3-17.
Abadie, A. and J. Gardeazabal, Terrorism and the world economy. European Economic Review, 2008. 52(1): p. 1-27.
Sandler, T. and W. Enders, Economic consequences of terrorism in developed and developing countries. Terrorism, economic development, and political openness, 2008. 17.
Chibuike, U.C. and O.I. Eme, Terrorism & its Socio-Economic Effects in Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Research in Social Sciences, 2019. 1(1): p. 97-113.
2016 Top Markets Report Smart Grid: A Market Assessment Tool for U.S. Exporters. , 2016: p. Accessed via http://trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/ Smart_Grid_Top_Markets_Report.pdf, September 17th 2016.
Feldpausch-Parker, A.M., et al., Smart grid electricity system planning and climate disruptions: A review of climate and energy discourse post-Superstorm Sandy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018. 82: p. 1961-1968.
Nierop, S.C., Envisioning resilient electrical infrastructure: A policy framework for incorporating future climate change into electricity sector planning. Environmental Science & Policy, 2014. 40: p. 78-84.
Keho, Y., What drives energy consumption in developing countries? The experience of selected African countries. Energy Policy, 2016. 91: p. 233-246.
Asif, M. and T. Muneer, Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2007. 11(7): p. 1388-1413.
Rose-Ackerman, S. and B.J. Palifka, Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. 2016: Cambridge university press.
Gonzalez, M., Smart Grid Investment Grows with Widespread Smart Meter Installations. p. Accessed via http://vitalsigns.worldwatch.org/sites/default /files/vital_signs_smart_grid_final_pdf.pdf on September 16 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Elektrika belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.